Integrated screening with ICS and what it means for airports and authorities

By BEUMER Group

THE GLOBAL REQUIREMENT FOR 100 PERCENT TRACKING

In order to meet today’s stringent security requirements, airports must be able to provide 100 percent track and trace of each item of baggage at every point throughout their baggage handling systems.

In the USA , for example, the Aviation and Transportation Security Act 2001 mandated that the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) provide for the screening of all baggage using explosive detection systems. Every passenger knows the procedure for screening his or her carry-on luggage. Basically, the same happens for all checked baggage in an automated process inside the baggage handling system.

The drive for 100 percent traceability received a further push with the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) Standard 3 legislation in 2014. The legislation was designed to move Europe closer to legislation used in the USA. In Europe, airports with screening equipment that complied with ECAC 2 were required to update their systems to meet the new ECAC 3 regulation. In most cases this made it necessary to not only replace the screening equipment itself, but also to modify the connecting lines of the baggage handling system.

These regulations, often subject to amendments, have significant ramifications for airports. How can different baggage handling systems help them meet these regulatory requirements?

Meeting regulations while controlling load sharing and resources

Today’s demand for security is only met if the airport has 100 percent track and trace which can be met by an automated BHS. Modern ICSs offer exceptionally high load sharing of hold baggage screening machines, a flexible matrix design and fast transport and connection between screening areas. This makes it possible for the airport to live up to these security demands without creating bottlenecks in screening due to insufficient staffing or resources.

Choosing the right ICS system design will mean a fast and easy baggage flow management solution where the hold baggage screening area can cope with the maximum throughput capacity of the baggage handling system. With the hold baggage screening being an integral part of the baggage handling process, the system has to be designed to balance loads between redundant routes, which will ensure optimum usage of available Explosive Detection System (EDS) resources to keep the number of screening machines to a minimum.

TSA approves ICS for baggage screening purposes

In the USA, for example, the TSA started in 2015 to test the effectiveness of the tote-based system across a range of real-life conditions and situations at its full-scale Transportation Systems Integration Facility near Washington, D.C. Elements assessed included tracking, throughput, imaging, sorting and the detection of missing, unknown and oversized bags. This in-depth evaluation also recorded how rapidly the ICS technology associated specific bags with the individual totes.

Following the tests, workshops and design submittals, TSA approved the first tote-based system (the CrisBag independent carrier system) in March 2017. The TSA certification applied to both the design and operation of the system. When used with Morpho’s CTX 9800 DSi explosives detection system, the CrisBag totes met TSA standards for detection and false alarm rates.

The following images compare the BHS with screening matrices based on conveyors and ICS.

Figure 1 shows a traditional conveyor-based system with two check-in areas, two CBIS and CBRA areas and a shared sortation system. The resistance towards mixing alarmed bags “without decision” with approved bags due to safety reasons makes a traditional conveyor system more complex than a tote-based screening matrix.

Figure 2 shows a typical tote-based system with the same functionality as shown in Figure 1; two check-in areas and a shared sortation system, but now with a shared CBIS and CBRA area. The shared CBIS and CBRA area means the system can be optimised in terms of using the screening machines and the manning of the CBRA area. Also, the possibility in the tote-based system to mix alarmed bags “without decision” and approved bags simplifies the CBIS and CBRA operations significantly.

The TSA has also implemented cart-based ICS technology, controlled by bluetooth, for its screening system at Denver International Airport.

ICS forms a part of TSA’s Planning Guidelines and Design Standards 2020

As a result of the approval, the TSA’s current Planning Guidelines and Design Standards for Checked Baggage Inspection Systems of August 2020 include ICS as an alternative type of baggage system to the traditional “friction belt on slider bed” baggage conveyance technology, that utilises other means to accomplish the same goals.

At section 3.5.1, the guidelines explain:

“In this type of system, the bag remains on the carrier throughout the screening and sortation processes. Alarmed baggage is transported to the CBRA on the carrier while cleared baggage is conveyed to the sortation system …”

They also clarify what the TSA requires of ICS:

“… once loaded onto the ICS carrier, the bag must remain associated with that carrier throughout the screening process. Upon arrival into the CBRA, the bag cannot be removed from the carrier until an operator is available to screen the bag. Once the bag is removed from the carrier by sliding the bag (lifting should not be required), the carrier must remain at that location until the bag has been screened and loaded back onto the same carrier to maintain positive tracking. Depending on the CBRA design, bags may remain in the carrier during the physical inspection process.”

The CBRA solution described in the guidelines is, in fact, the solution now in operation at San Francisco’s Harvey Milk Terminal.

The guidelines note that the TSA is presenting the ICS concept to provide planners with a broad range of potential CBIS concepts for consideration during the pre-design phase.

The certification applies to US airports and for US pre-border clearance, making migration to a common-use model more attractive.

ICS-based screening is implemented in the USA

Since receiving TSA approval, ICS-based baggage screening has been installed at Orlando, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Denver International Airports. Its implementation has brought significant benefits:

Improvements to San Francisco’s Harvey Milk Terminal 1

The first ICS-based BHS to go live in the US was at San Francisco’s new Harvey Milk Terminal 1 in June 2020. The system is designed for shared airline use and incorporates an integrated security screening process.

The consolidation to a shared-use baggage system using tote-based screening means redundant routes can be used to balance the load between the screening machines. Five independent baggage handling systems and 15 CTX machines have been consolidated into one centralised screening matrix with just seven screening machines now needed for baggage screening within the terminal.

ICS has enabled 100 percent tracking with each bag remaining in the same tote throughout the screening process and has completely eliminated Level 3 re-screening. The re-routing of baggage to conveyors is no longer required.

Importantly for the TSA, the ICS solution has also optimised the working conditions of its agents at the CBRA inspection stations. Physical lifting of any suspect bag is no longer required, as the bag is presented to the agent in the tote and parked in front of him.

Improvements to Denver International Airport

Similarly, ICS has made the entire baggage security screening process easier for Denver International Airport.

The cart-based system collects the ‘alarmed’ bags from different screening zones and transports them all to one, centralised area where the TSA conducts its intensified investigation. The bags are then transported back to the respective airlines. TSA personnel no longer have to lift bags, carry them over aisles and put them down again. Nor do they have to unload and load bags before and after they pass through the x-ray machines, as each bag remains in its cart.

Because the ICS-based sortation is so precise, the TSA has approved the mixing of ‘good’ and ‘suspicious’ bags on one line – which the conventional conveyor-based system does not allow.

Other airports bordering the USA, such as Calgary International Airport and Ottawa International Airport in Canada, are also using in-tote systems to comply with the US trans-border clearance under Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA) regulations.

Approval of tote-based baggage screening under ECAC

Tote-based screening has long been approved under ECAC standards. It was first approved over 20 years ago under the ECAC 2 regulations and when ECAC 3 came into force, the CrisBag solution was the first tote-based baggage system to receive certification.

The companies that currently provide screening machines approved for tote-based screening include:

• Smiths Detection (encompassing former Smiths Heiman, Morpho Detection and Safran Group)
• Leidos (includes former L3Harris Technologies)
• Nuctech Company
• Rapiscan Systems

Approval of tote-based baggage screening by the TSA

In the USA, the use of tote-based screening machines is approved by the TSA as part of the baggage handling system approval.

The benefits of tote-based baggage screening for airports and authorities

In accepting in-tote baggage screening systems, both airports and the authorities stand to gain many benefits, including:

• Flexible matrix designs, combined with fast transport of bags between one or more screening areas, enables exceptionally high load-sharing between the screening machines.
• Load-sharing minimises the number of machines needed, meaning less maintenance and spare parts are required and valuable airport real estate is freed up.
• Clean and suspect bags can run on the same line.
• Minimises the bottlenecks that can cause delays in the screening area.
• Faster and more cost-effective screening processes.
• Tracking of screening results is improved to 100 percent with in-tote screening.
• 100 percent traceability extends into the manual inspection areas and eliminates manual inspection due to tracking failures.
• Simplifies re-routing of bags post-screening by remotely changing their status as they travel through the BHS.
• Minimises manual lifting for inspection personnel (meeting a TSA requirement), providing safer working conditions for TSA staff.
• Freeing up valuable airport physical space as fewer machines are required.

Takeaway

In our view, in-tote screening systems can help airports and airport security authorities meet the strict demands and compliance obligations of regional security regulations. But they not only provide a way forward for satisfying governing standards. We believe they bring added advantages, such as optimising the use of staff and resources within the screening area and improving the throughput and efficiency of the baggage screening process. Moreover, ICS systems using tote-based screening are modular in design and are easily extended to meet future requirements.